What problems may be encountered during the use of ammonia synthesis catalyst?

① Chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus and other impurities into the catalyst poisoning deactivation;

② Excessive CO and CO2 content leads to ammonia synthesis catalysts deactivation;

③ Inactivation of fresh syngas with excessive moisture (water poisoning);

④ Low heating activation temperature/slow rate, loss of activity or lack of conditions leading to inactivation (environmental poisoning);

⑤ Plant failure/misoperation resulting in catalyst poisoning.